We Should End War in Middle East Essay Example for Free

We Should End War in Middle East Essaythe Statesn soldiers kil direct in attack. This is the latest headline out of Iraq, yet stories similar these argon either too common, as yet while the arm forces do their best to censor the humanity of the fight from reaching the home front. The brutal realities of the contend in Iraq cannot be sufficiently censored to veto Americans from finding out the horrible toll our soldiers pay each day, losing their humanity by killing and losing their minds by having to see their friends arms or legs blown off. The American public has finally started to voice its encounter to the extend struggle in Iraq, as recent polls and presidential approval ratings show that the public is increasingly upset with the direction the war has taken, even though support for the troops continues to remain high.As it stands, opposition to the war also continues to grow and the polarization that marked the early days of the war is diminishing, as citizens, p oliticians, members of the armed forces, and even those in the Bush administration are realizing the errant ratioci commonwealths that led to and sustained the war agree court far too muchin billions of taxpayers dollars, foreign frugal and political status, and most importantly the lives of tens thousands of Americans and many to a greater extent Iraqis.Few issues have polarized the political community and general population in the United States as the sustained war in Iraq. While most of the country agreed that invading Afghanistan was necessary to combat terrorism, the decision to invade Iraq was met with mixed feelings at best. At the time, the Bush administration used everything in its power to prevail on _or_ upon the American public and the world of the righteousness in attacking Iraq.The many reasons, with varying degrees of h unitysty and accuracy, ranged from the terror of weapons of mass destruction to Iraqs participation in terrorism to the plain fact that ibn Ta lal Hussein ibn Talal Hussein was a bad man. Unfortunately, many Americans who would normally be in the middle of the road on much(prenominal) issues were blinded by the administrations continued propaganda about having to support a president during wartime, no matter of the terrible decisions or unexplained actions he takes, and many also believed that Iraq was involved in the terrorist attacks of September 11, two hundred1.A Washington Post poll of 1,003 adults taken in August of 2003 found that virtually 70% of Americans polled believed that ibn Talal Hussein Hussein was in the flesh(predicate)ly involved in Al Qeadas attacks on the United States a sentence/CNN poll conducted around the same time found Americans more closely split on whether the host action in Iraq was worth the impairment in America lives, taxpayer dollars and new(prenominal) costs 49% utter yes, 43% no and 8% were unsure (Poll 70% Believe ibn Talal Hussein, 9-11 Link).With its aims justified in the eyes of the misinformed American public, in March of 2003 the Bush administration got its wish to expand the war in the Middle East to include Iraq. This initial invasion was a showcase for the massive military industrial complex that provided scores of new technological advances in recent age designed to maximize death. unforgettable images from the invasion include the shock and awe campaign of large bombs and missiles tearing up Baghdad, the famous toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue by Iraqi civilians, and President George Bush landing in a fighter one thousand upon an aircraft carrier, further to give a speech in front of a large banner that subscribe Mission Accomplished The tragically comedic irony of that banner can only be understood in hindsight, and only by those fortunate enough not to have been in Iraq.Over four days later, the mission has not been accomplished, unless the mission was to create the highest possible revenues for international oil companies at the expense of new(a) American lives. Additionally, the Bush administrations decision to invade Iraq eroded much of the international chargey forget created by the September 11 attacks. Many countries that supported the U. S. invasion of Afghanistan see the invasion of Iraq as unnecessary and nothing more than the act of a bully, the worlds lone superpower.However, most Americans chose to banish the loud opinions of the international community as being shortsighted and not relatable. The economic impact of the war in Iraq is felt by all Americans each time they pump gas. In the four years since the U. S. invaded Iraq, Iraqi oilfields and associated infrastructure have sustained 400 attacks, and oil production in the country has travel from 1. 95 place per day during the first quarter of 2007, short of the U. S. goal of 2. 5 million barrels per day and the previous mark of 3. 7 million under Saddam Hussein (Miller).It is also super reported in the media and amongst citizens that companies like Haliburton, associated with Vice President Dick Cheney, have benefited immensely from the reconstruction contracts in Iraq, leading many to believe that the war is solely for oil. The fact that oil companies are now reservation record profits seem to reinforce these ideas. But, another consequence of U. S. action in Iraq is that the dollar is losing its international value. The dollar has weakened against the euro, gold, copper, and other assets, and when Bush came in to office, a dollar equated to . 987 euros while now it is at . 5 (Miller).While oil gets more expensive, the dollar weakens, in large part due Americas overwhelming dependence on it and the massive expenditures of oil, resources, and money on the war in Iraq. The tune side of the war in Iraq seems to have little benefit for common Americans, who are really the ones paying the most for it in terms of dollars. Top economists estimate that the conglomeration costs for the war will pass away $2 trilli on.The Bush administration predicted in 2002 that the war would cost between $100 billion and $200 billion, but according to a 2006 study by Nobel Prize winning economist Joseph E.Stiglitz and Harvard lecturer Linda Bilmes, subsequently factoring in long-term healthcare for weakened US veterans, rebuilding a worn-down military, and accounting for other unforeseen bills and economic losses, the total could reach far above the $700 million it has so far cost for the war effort alone (Bender). With so many domestic issues requiring effort and money to rectify, this extended war does little to provide health care for the millions of Americans without it, or maintain the countrys infrastructure.A originator economic advisor to President Bill Clinton, Stiglitz based the study on past conflicts, the current wars impact on the ballooning federal deficit, its ripple effects on overall economic growth and investment, and losses in productivity (Bender). The increasing economic costs, combi ned with the economic downturn see during Bushs time in office is borderline catastrophic, but actually compares little to the greatest cost of the war, which is the cost of human lives.As this speech is being written, the war has cost a total of 4,000 U. S. oldiers lives according to the latest body counts, and the violence continues to not on maintain its horrible pace, but even shows signs of increasing, as daily reports of not only American casualties but Iraqi civilian casualties roll in. In the same report the daily violence against civilians included a suicide truck bomber in the Sulaiman Bek city hall, a predominantly Sunni area of northern Iraq, which killed at least 16 mountain and wounded 67 add to this at least 21 other Iraqis that were killed or found dead in attacks nationwide and life in the U. S. -occupied country becomes more bare (Gamel).While it is impossible to say that Iraq was a peaceful country under the regime of Saddam Hussein, it is easy to say that it i s not at all peaceful under the regime of George W. Bush. This has led to a negative view of the United States by many of the Iraqi that are supposed to be helped. According to Iraqi author, Abdul Hadi al-Khalili, who was kidnapped in broad daylight by gunmen and forced to pay $30,000 to be released, this is a product of American occupation Crimes like carjacking, murder, and kidnapping were nearly unheard of during the years of Saddams repressive police state.The United States successfully dismantled Saddams government but make lovely failed to bring a sense of law and order to the nation of Iraq (Al-Marashi and Hadi al-Khalili). It is apparent that the war in Iraq is bad for Americans, Iraqis, and creates a world in which countries are afraid of what the contiguous unilateral action of the U. S. will be. An invasion of Iran, perhaps? There has been discussion along these lines, but one can only hope common sense prevails over fantastical dreams of hawks in the government.One of the quietest statistics from the war is the number of servicemen and women wounded in action. Because the armed forces keep such firm control on media and personal reports by the soldiers, the American public is largely unaware of the sheer numbers of soldiers that come back from Iraq seriously wounded. According to the latest reports by the Department of Defense, the total U. S.Iraq War casualties stand at over 56,000 this approximate includes the nearly 28,000 wounded by hostile action and almost double that amount for soldiers who were evacuated for illness and non-hostile action, a blanket description that also includes soldiers who commit suicide (White). The thing that differentiates the war in Iraq from previous wars is that the extremity rate is misleading and the casualty rate is significantly higher than Vietnam and Korea, which experienced fewer than three people wounded for every death, and the World Wars, in which there were less than two (Bilmes).Some of this can be attributed to better medical technology and the use of body armor, but the overall theme is that there are and will continue to be a large amount of wounded veterans, both physically and psychologically, advent back to the United States needing treatment on an already grossly understaffed and under-funded Veteran Affairs administration.So far, more than 200,000 veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan have been treated at VA medical facilities three times what the VA projected, according to a political sympathies Accountability Office analysis of these veterans, more than a third have been diagnosed with mental health conditions, and thousands more have crippling disabilities such as brain and spinal injuries (Bilmes). The Veterans Benefits Administration has 400,000 pending claims, some which will never be honored, and of the 1. million service members involved in the war from the beginning, 900,000 are still on active duty, which will only lead to greater problems when their time is up (Bilmes). The conservative estimate of the price wounded veterans will cost the U. S. taxpayers in between $300 billion and $600 billion, not to mention the price the veterans themselves have already paid. No matter what the reasons for fighting the war in Iraq may be it is apparent that those who fought it and those who paid for it will continue to pay for years to come.There is little to suggest that the war in Iraq is justifiable or will have a positive outcome. It has created ill-will towards America from the rest of the world that may last for generations it has killed possibly hundreds of thousands of humans, and maimed many more it has left a country in complete shambles with little hope to pull out of it anytime soon and, it will end up cost far more than it is worth in time, money, and lives.As Americans continue to learn the truths about Iraq and the administration that led us there, it will continue to oppose the poor decisions. As the elections of 2006 showed, Ameri cans are ready for a change. The only thing that remains to be seen is if the American public is ready to initiate that change or blindly maintain the status quo. Their decision is more important than they could ever realize.

Importance of television in our life Essay Example for Free

Importance of idiot box in our life Essay inborn prophylactic, excessively called India safety or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of suited polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other(a)(a) organic compounds plus water. Forms of polyisoprene that argon uptakeful as inhering synthetic inbred sorrys be classified aselastomers. Currently, sorry is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from certain trees.The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn strike by making incisions into the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a change called tapping. The latex then is refined into galosh ready for commercialised procedureing. Natural synthetic gum elastic is employ extensively in mevery applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio, high resilience, and is extremely waterproof.1VarietieseditThe major commercial source of pict orial refuge latex is the Par coat tree (Hevea brasiliensis), a member of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. This species is widely used because it grows intimately under cultivation and a properly managed tree responds to wounding by producing much(prenominal) latex for several years. Many other plants produce forms of latex rich in isoprene polymers, though non all produce usable forms of polymer as easily as the Par dick tree does both(prenominal) of them require more elabo prise processing to produce anything like usable rubber, and most atomic number 18 more difficult to tap. Some produce other desirable materials, for example gutta-percha (Palaquium gutta)2 and chicle from Manilkara species. differents that live with been commercially exploited, or at least have shown promise as sources of rubber, include the rubber fig (Ficus livea), straw hat rubber tree (Castilla elastica), various spurges (Euphorbia spp.), lettuce (Lactuca species), the related Scorzonera tau-sa ghyz, various Taraxacum species, including common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz), and guayule (Parthenium argentatum). The term gum rubber is sometimes applied to the tree-obtained version of innate(p) rubber in order to distinguish it from the synthetic version.1 Discovery of commercial potentialeditThe Para rubber tree is autochthonous to southernmost America. Charles Marie de La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Acadmie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736.3 In 1751, he presented a root by Franois Fresneau to the Acadmie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.3 In England, Joseph Priestley, in 1770, observed that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, hence the name rubber. Later, it s deplorablely made its dash around England. South America remained the main source of the limited amounts of latex rubber used during much of the 19th century.In 1876, Henry Wickham gathered thousands of Para rubber tree seeds from Brazil, and these were germinated in Kew Gardens, England. The seedlings were then sent to India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, capital of Singapore, and British Malaya. Malaya (now Malaysia) was subsequently to become the biggest producer of rubber. In the early 1900s, the Congo Free State in Africa was also a signifi rouset source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by forced labor. Liberia and Nigeria also started takings of rubber. In India, commercial cultivation of natural rubber was introduced by the British planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale in India were initiated as early as 1873 at the botanic Gardens, Calcutta. The first commercial Hevea plantations in India were established at Thattekadu in Kerala in 1902.In Singapore and Malaya, commercial production of rubber was heavily promoted by Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley, who served as the first Scientific coach of the Singapore Botanic Gardens from 1888 to 1911. He distributed rubber seeds to many planters and developed the first technique for tapping trees for latex without do serious harm to the tree.4Because of his very fervent promotion of this crop, he is popularly remembered by the nickname nauseous Ridley.5 Propertiesedit condom latex Rubber exhibits unique physiological and chemical properties. Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect and the Payne effect, and is often modeled as hyperelastic. Rubber strain crystallizes. Owing to the presence of a double bond in from each one repeat unit, natural rubber is susceptible to vulcanisation and sensitive to ozone cracking. The two main solvents for rubber are turpentine and naphtha (petroleum).The former has been in use since 1764 when Franois Fresnau made the discovery. Giovanni Fabbroni is credited with the disco very of naphtha as a rubber solvent in 1779. Because rubber does not dissolve easily, the material is finely divided by shredding former to its immersion. An ammonia solution can be used to prevent the clotting of raw latex small-arm it is being transported from its hookup site. ElasticityeditIn most elastic materials, such as metals used in springs, the elastic behavior is caused by bond distortions. When force is applied, bond lengths deviate from the (minimum energy) equilibrium and strain energy is stored electrostatically. Rubber is often assumed to behave in the same way, but this is a poor description. Rubber is a curious material because, unlike in metals, strain energy is stored thermally. In its relaxed state, rubber consists of long, coiled-up set up. When rubber is stretched, the chains are taut. Their kinetic energy is released as heat. The stochasticity and temperature increases during elongation but decreases during heartsease. This neuter in entropy is relat ed to the changes in degrees of cleardom.Relaxation of a stretched rubber band is thus driven by a decrease in entropy and temperature, and the force experienced is a result of the cooling of the material being converted to potential energy. Rubber relaxation isendothermic, and for this reason the force exerted by a stretched piece of rubber increases with temperature. The material undergoes adiabatic cooling during contraction. This property of rubber can easily be verified by holding a stretched rubber band to ones lips and relaxing it. Stretching of a rubber band is in some ways opposite to compression(although both undergo higher(prenominal) levels of thermal energy of an ideal gas), and relaxation is opposed to gas expansion (Note rubber bands last longer in the cold).A compressed and heated up gas also exhibits elastic properties, for instance inside an inflated car tire. The fact that stretching is equivalent to compression is counterintuitive, but it makes sense if rubber is viewed as a one-dimensional gas, plus it is attached to other molecules. Stretching and heat increase the space available to each section of chain, because the molecules are pulled apart.Vulcanization of rubber creates disulfide bonds between chains, so it limits the degrees of freedom. The result is that the chains tighten more quickly for a given strain, thereby increasing the elastic force constant and making rubber harder and less extensible. When cooled below the glass enactment temperature, the quasifluid chain segments freeze into fixed geometries and the rubber abruptly loses its elastic properties, although the process is reversible. This property it shared by most elastomers. At very low temperatures, rubber is rather brittle. This critical temperature is the reason winter tires use a softer version of rubber than normal tires. The failing rubber o-ring seals that contributed to the cause of the Challenger disaster were purview to have cooled below their critical temp erature the disaster happened on an unusually cold day.The gas molecules in the rubber were too close to their bound solid molecules(a partial phase change that separated the rubber molecules whitethorn have occurred), allowing the rubber to take on a more solid shape(a partial phase change to a more liquid and molecularly separated form would not be good, either). Heated gas has a higher energy, and rubber must be kept at specific temperatures and probably should not be used on vehicles that undergo extreme temperature changes. Chemical makeupeditLatex is the polymer cis-1,4-polyisoprene with a molecular weight of 100,000 to 1,000,000 daltons. Typically, a small percentage (up to 5% of dry mass) of other materials, such as proteins, fatty acids, resins, and inorganic materials (salts) are found in natural rubber. Polyisoprene can also be created synthetically, producing what is sometimes referred to as synthetic natural rubber, but the synthetic and natural routes are completely different.1Chemical structure of cis-polyisoprene, the main constituent of natural rubber Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from different precursors. Some natural rubber sources, such as gutta-percha, are composed of trans-1,4-polyisoprene, a structural isomer that has similar, but not identical, properties. Natural rubber is an elastomer and a thermoplastic. erst the rubber is vulcanized, it volition turn into a thermoset. Most rubber in everyday use is vulcanized to a point where it shares properties of both i.e., if it is heated and cooled, it is degraded but not destroyed. The final properties of a rubber item depend not just on the polymer, but also on modifiers and fillers, such as carbon black, factice, whiting, and a host of others. BiosynthesiseditRubber particles are formed in the cytoplasm of specialized latex-producing cells called laticifers at heart rubber plants.6 Rubber particles are surrounded by a single phospholipid membrane with hydrophobic tail coat pointed inward. The membrane allows biosynthetic proteins to be sequestered at the surface of the growing rubber particle, which allows saucily monomeric units to be added from outside the biomembrane, but within the lacticifer. The rubber particle is an enzymatically active entity that contains three layers of material, the rubber particle, a biomembrane, and free monomeric units. The biomembrane is held tightly to the rubber core repayable to the high negative charge along the double bonds of the rubber polymer backbone.7Free monomeric units and conjugated proteins make up the outer layer. The rubber precursor is isopentenyl pyrophosphate (an allylic compound), which elongates by Mg2+-dependent ejector seat by the action of rubber transferase. The monomer adds to the pyrophosphate end of the growing polymer.8 The process displaces the terminal high-energy pyrophosphate. The reaction produces a cis polymer. The initiation step is catalyzed by prenylt ransferase, which converts three monomers of isopentenyl pyrophosphate into farnesyl pyrophosphate.9 The farnesyl pyrophosphate can bind to rubber transferase to elongate a new rubber polymer.The required isopentenyl pyrophosphate is obtained from the mevalonate pathway, which is derives from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. In plants, isoprene pyrophosphate can also be obtained from 1-deox-D-xyulose-5-phosphate/2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway within plasmids.10 The relative ratio of the farnesyl pyrophosphate initiator unit and isoprenyl pyrophosphate elongation monomer determines the rate of new particle synthesis versus elongation of existent particles. Though rubber is known to be produced by only one enzyme, extracts of latex have shown legion(predicate) small molecular weight proteins with unknown function. The proteins possibly serve as cofactors, as the synthetic rate decreases with complete removal.11 Current sourceseditClose to 21 million tons of rubber were produc ed in 2005, of which approximately 42% was natural. Since the bulk of the rubber produced is of the synthetic variety, which is derived from petroleum, the price of natural rubber is determined, to a large extent, by the common global price of crude oil.1213 Today, Asia is the main source of natural rubber, accounting for close to 94% of proceeds in 2005. The three largest producing countries, Thailand, Indonesia (2.4m tons)14 and Malaysia, together account for around 72% of all natural rubber production. Natural rubber is not cultivate widely in its native continent of South America due to the existence of South American leaf blight, and other natural predators of the rubber tree. CultivationeditRubber is generally cultivated in large plantations. See the coconut shell used in collecting latex, in plantations in Kerala, India Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life period of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years up to 7 years of immature phase a nd about 25 years of generative phase. The soil requirement of the plant is generally well-drained, weathered soil consisting of laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red, or alluvial soils. The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees are Rainfall of around 250 cm evenly distributed without any attach dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year Temperature range of about 20 to 34C, with a monthly mean of 25 to 28C High atmospherical humidity of around 80%Bright sunshine amounting to about 2000 hours per year at the rate of sixer hours per day throughout the year Absence of strong winds Many high- issuinging clones have been developed for commercial planting. These clones yield more than 2,000 kg of dry rubber per hectare per year, when grown under ideal conditions.Field coagulaeditMixed eye socket coagulaSmallholders lump at a remilling factory There are four types of field coagula, cuplump, treelace, smallholders lump and reality scra p. Each has significantly different properties.15 Cuplump is the coagulated material found in the collection cup when the tapster next visits the tree to tap it again. It arises from latex clinging to the walls of the cup after the latex was last poured into the bucket, and from late-dripping latex exuded forwards the latex-carrying vessels of the tree become blocked. It is of higher purity and of greater value than the other three types.Treelace is the coagulum publicise that the tapper peels off the previous cut in the first place making a new cut. It usually has higher copper and manganese contents than cuplump. Both copper and manganese are pro-oxidants and can lower the physical properties of the dry rubber. Smallholders lump is produced by smallholders who collect rubber from trees a long way away from the nigh factory. Many Indonesian smallholders, who grow paddy in remote areas, tap dispersed trees on their way to work in the paddy fields and collect the latex (or the c oagulated latex) on their way home.As it is often impossible to preserve the latex sufficiently to get it to a factory that processes latex in time for it to be used to make high quality products, and as the latex would anyway have coagulated by the time it reached the factory, the smallholder will coagulate it by any means available, in any container available. Some smallholders use small containers, buckets etc., but often the latex is coagulated in holes in the ground, which are usually (but not always) lined with plastic. Acidic materials and fermented fruit juices are used to coagulate the latex a form of assisted biological coagulation. Little care is taken to exclude twigs, leaves, and even bark from the lumps that are formed, which may also include treelace collected by the smallholder. Earth scrap is the material that gathers around the tail end of the tree.It arises from latex overflowing from the cut and running down the bark of the tree, from rain flooding a collectio n cup containing latex, and from spillage from tappers buckets during collection. It contains soil and other contaminants, and has variable rubber content depending on the amount of contaminants change integrity with it. Earth scrap is collected by the field workers two or three times a year and may be cleaned in a scrap-washer to recover the rubber, or sold off to a contractor who will clean it and recover the rubber. It is of very low quality and under no slew should it be included in block rubber or brown crepe. ProcessingeditRemoving coagulum from coagulating troughsThe latex will coagulate in the cups if kept for long. The latex has to be collected before coagulation. The collected latex, field latex, is transferred into coagulation tanks for the preparation of dry rubber or transferred into air-tight containers with sieving for ammoniation. Ammoniation is necessary to preserve the latex in colloidal state for long. Latex is generally processed into either latex concentrate f or manufacture of dipped goods or it can be coagulated under controlled, clean conditions using formic acid.The coagulated latex can then be processed into the higher-grade, technically specified block rubbers such as SVR 3L or SVR CV or used to produce Ribbed Smoke Sheet grades. Naturally coagulated rubber (cup lump) is used in the manufacture of TSR10 and TSR20 grade rubbers. The processing of the rubber for these grades is a size reduction and cleaning process to remove contamination and prepare the material for the final stage of drying.16 The dried material is then baled and palletized for depot and shipment in various methods of transportation. TransportationeditNatural rubber latex is shipped from factories in south-west Asia, South America, and labor union Africa to destinations around the world. As the represent of natural rubber has risen significantly, the shipping methods which offer the lowest cost per unit of weight are preferred. Depending on the destination, wareh ouse availability, and transportation conditions, some methods are more fitted to certain buyers than others. In international trade, latex rubber is mostly shipped in 20-foot ocean containers. Inside the ocean container, various types of smaller containers are used by factories to store latex rubber.17 UseseditCompression molded (cured)rubber boots before the flashesare removed Contemporary manufacturingeditAround 25 million tonnes of rubber is produced each year, of which 42 percent is natural rubber. The remainder is synthetic rubber derived from petrochemical sources. Around 70 percent of the worlds natural rubber is used in tires. The top end of latex production results in latex products such as surgeons gloves, condoms, balloons and other comparatively high-value products.The mid-range which comes from the technically-specified natural rubber materials ends up largely in tires but also in conveyor belts, leatherneck products and miscellaneous rubber goods. Natural rubber of fers good elasticity, while synthetic materials tend to offer relegate resistance to environmental factors such as oils, temperature, chemicals or ultraviolet light and suchlike. Cured rubber is rubber which has been compounded and subjected to the vulcanisation process which creates cross-links within the rubber matrix. Prehistoric useseditThe first use of rubber was by the Olmecs, who centuries later passed on the knowledge of natural latex from the Hevea tree in 1600 BC to the old-fashioned Mayans. They boiled the harvested latex to make a ball for a Mesoamerican ballgame.18 Pre-World War II manufacturingeditOther significant uses of rubber are door and window profiles, hoses, belts, gaskets, matting, flooring, and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the automotive industry. Gloves (medical, household and industrial) and toy balloons are also large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber is used as adhesives in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable are thepaper and the carpet industries. Rubber is also unremarkably used to make rubber bands and pencil erasers. Pre-World War II textile applicationseditRubber produced as a fiber, sometimes called elastic, has significant value for use in the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recuperation properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber is made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers that are cut into strips from extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber is either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. In the early 1900s, for example, rubber yarns were used in foundation garments.While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, s unlight, oil, and perspiration. Seeking a way to address these shortcomings, the textile industry has turned to neoprene (polymer of chloroprene), a type of synthetic rubber, as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability. VulcanizationeditMain article Vulcanization Natural rubber is often vulcanized, a process by which the rubber is heated and sulfur, peroxide or bisphenol are added to improve resistance and elasticity, and to prevent it from perishing. The growing of vulcanization is most closely associated with Charles Goodyear in 1839.19 Before World War II era manufacturing, carbon black was often used as an additive to rubber to improve its strength, especially in vehicle tires. Today, all vehicle tires are made of synthetic rubbers. Allergic reactionseditMain article Latex allergic reaction Some people have a serious latex allergy, and exposure to natural latex ru bber products such as latex gloves can cause anaphylactic shock. The antigenic proteins found in Hevealatex may be deliberately reduced (though not eliminated)20 through processing. Latex from non-Hevea sources, such as Guayule, can be used without allergic reaction by persons with an allergy to Hevea latex.21 Some allergic reactions are not to the latex itself, but from residues of chemicals used to accelerate the cross-linking process. Although this may be confused with an allergy to latex, it is distinct from it, typically taking the form of Type IV hypersensitivity in the presence of traces of specific processing chemicals.2022

Buckle up Essay Example for Free

surge up EssayStill unconscious, wreathed in bandages, pale and start in my own land, I could not even b arely imagine the pain that engulfed my loved ones as they by lay vigil each night, thinking of my sorry picture with only breathing tubes to come onto. On the second day, I regained consciousness and began a hazy recollection of what happened. The successive bumps and crash. I could give back seeing the receiver ram straight into the car in front, a second later I was flung head first into the driving seat almost unsitting the driver who nonchalantly pushed my head aside. The only another(prenominal) recollection is seeing flames and being suffocated by fumes of burning petrol. The accident left me with gruesome nervus facialis cuts, an upper broken jaw with six teeth less. In modern day United Arab Emirates, the rushs such(prenominal) accidents are as varied as the number of accidents. There are times when you cant truly blame anybody. Nobody expects a sudden thick fog during the rush hour, it was quite an unfortunate scenario only if you dare not snarl in the highway because you could be the cause of another accident.The combination of unheeding over confident drivers with such weather conditions only spells doom to the careful drivers who will slow muckle and ensure that there is sufficient space between his vehicle and the next but there is no knowing who might ram into your rear. It is therefore an unwritten rule that one simple mistake uniform slowing down even in zebra crossings might result in traffic accident. Despite every these unwritten rules, you cannot surely escape being labelled a very stupid person if you drive at 120km/h in a silly thick fog.It is always the first car in the crash that causes the accident, whether he was driving beyond the police legal allowance, a copy of the many story on the driving wheel or coffee on the other hand, the prerequisites to such traffic accidents are seen every day on our highways. It ge ts even more(prenominal) harrowing when mint drive while respondent phone calls or when rich spoilt kids zoom at dangerous speeds in brand sweet SUVs. I was dispatched from the hospital after three intensive months of medical care.By slowly recollecting the past, trying to slip-up what might have caused the accident and what might have not, trying to find a rationale why as a passenger I had much more serious injuries than the driver who only flee with minor injuries the answer to my stupid injuries hits me hard, Buckle up That was the difference between the driver and me. Its even more hurting that I had to learn painful way. The seat belt usage is the savior if you are to be involved in such accidents.These are a very many road casualties that arise collectable to our refusal to buckle up. Presently the campaign Your safety is in using safety Belt is helping people understand the importance of buckling up. Additionally, as we speak now heavy fines are being levied on those appreciated for not putting on their safety belts. This has come only after the realization that traffic accidents cause more deaths than murder and is only second to death caused by cardiovascular diseases.The experience of accidents is harrowing, the survival prognosis is in guaranteed, and as more and more lunatic drivers are released onto our roads, the only savior is the seat belt. I have never been reminded to buckle up ever since, my scars are too huge to be ignored. Buckling up has become an innate predisposition to me.References New Initiative in IAHVs Road Peace Campaign Buckle up Dubai www. dubaishopping festival. com/news/IAHV11-09. htm Buckle up Drive Controls Violations of Seat Belt Rule. 2007httpwww. uaeinteract. com/docs.

Hobsons Choice Essay Example for Free

Hobsons Choice Essay over again in this modus operandi we see Willies potential when Maggie goes round to Hobsons to collect some old broken chairs she tells Vicky and Alice, Wills trained with his fingers. Hell put in this afternoon mending them. This shows that Willie has the ability do other things apart from yet making boots, so this shows he is not hardly a simple boot dissembler that we come back he is. He has the capability to use his hands to mend near enough anything. One of the important points of this act is the fact that Willie now accepts the marriage freely and he is not just marrying Maggie because he is stir of her, like he was at first.We bed this as he says, Yes Maggie, Im resigned Youre growing on me lass, and Ill toe the line with you This is the second cadence in the play we see Willie make a decision for himself, yet this decision is important as the rest of his life depends on this decision. This proves that Willie is a slightly stronger char acter al bingle the marriage is quiet down just a business proposition. Despite the fact that Willie is now able to make decisions for himself he is still a rather humble character as Vicky asks Willie if he has got the rings and Maggie replies, I bring in.Do you think I confide him to remember? This shows us Maggie still takes charge of everything and does not trust Willie to do anything. Act Three is set later the same day after the couple have got married and everybody is at Maggie and Willies for the after wedding party, apart from Hobson. Willie decided to make a speech this shows how much his reading has improved, although he is still in Maggies shadow as when Willie is making the speech Maggie has to correct him, unstinted she says when he forgets the word he is insureing for.Also when he makes the speech Maggies family notices his development, as when Albert asks to make a speech Alice says, But youll not speak as well as he did. This just shows that Willie must h ave progressed if Alice has noticed, as they do not think that he is good enough to be in their family. After the speech Hobson comes round to their lieu to ask for Maggies advice, and with some help from Maggie, Willie is able to take manoeuvre of the situation with Hobson.Willie puts Hobson in his place when he speaks the truth and tells him what he really thinks of him as he says, Im sad if my well meant words dont suit your taste, but I thought you came here for advice But despite this Hobson still does not see why Maggie has chosen Willie for a husband, as he cannot see that Willie has changed and has much to a greater extent strength in his character. After Willie offends Hobson, Hobson then goes on to offend Willie by saying, I didnt come to you, you jumped up cocka-hooping.. Again we see Willie as a weak character when Maggie has to step in and intervene, to defend her husband, Thatull do father. My husbands trying to help you. Again we see that he is still in Maggies sh adow as she asks him to swish up, Willie, well need this table, when theyre gone.Youd better be clearing the pots away This shows he still does not fend up to Maggie all the time and he is still scared of her. This scene is also full of climate when Willie shows one of his remaining weaknesses the fact that he is still a virgin and he does not want to go to bed with Maggie so he does not want their guests to go home and even Freddie notices this and says, Hes apprehensive to be alone with her, This is important because in the end Maggie drags him to bed and in Victorian society woman were not supposed to enjoy a sexual relationship but still the roles in this blind drunk relationship are reversed, which is extremely humorous.However, this is the last time we see Willie as a ridiculous figure. Act Four is set a year later so in this act the audience do expect a dramatic change in Willie, and that is what they get. Before Willie even enters the act we see that he has built up a boffo business, a business that is ruining Hobsons. We roll in the hay this as tubby says to Hobson, In Chapel Street they say its Willie Mossop This just shows that Willie has developed in leaps and bounds since the last time we saw him.In this act we find out that Hobson is a chronic alcoholic and that he is judgement melancholic and suicidal. The doctor tells Hobson he must refrain from drinking and asks Maggie to come back home and look after him. Maggie comes back but she says that she will have to have Willies permission. Hobson finds this hilarious because he does not know how much Willie has changed, so Maggie simply replies, maybe Willie has changed since the last time you saw him Willie arrives at Hobsons and he goes sequent to look over the stock.Alice and Vicky question what he is doing and Willie replies, If Im to come into a thing I like to know what Im coming into This shows that Willie has become a changed man as he is definitely more confident and stronger than he was in the previous three acts, we know this because Alices reaction is, Thats never Willie Mossop Later in the Act Willie says to Maggie close to moving back to Hobsons, If we come here we come on my terms This shows that Willie is now the dominant one of the couple and that he is not afraid of Maggie, this is a complete role reversal as forwards it was Maggie who told Willie what to do.To make sure that Maggie comes home to look after Hobson he decides to set terms by offering to pay Willies old wages and allowing Maggie to live in his house rent-free. Willie is not fooled and simply says, Come home Maggie, because why would he want to get paid his old wages when he has a successful business in Oldfield Road? Later Willie sets down his own terms to Hobson. His terms were that they would only go bad back if Willie owns half of Hobsons shop and Hobson is a silent partner.He even says he cannot refuse because Willie owns a business that is starving Hobsons to death, as Willie says, Me thats the owner of a business thats starving yours to death Willie even stands up to Maggie because Willie wants the sign above the shop door to read, Mossop and Hobson but Maggie disagrees. So Willie says, Its Mossop and Hobson or its Oldfield Road for us, Maggie Eventually Maggie gives in, just proving that now she is the weaker character and Willie is the stronger, more dominant one, and in Victorian England it was thought that that was how it should be.

General Appliances Essay Example for Free

usual Appliances EssayIntroductionThe General Appliance Corporation is a manufacturer of all types of home appliances. The play along has a decentralized, divisional organizational structure, which consists of quad product divisions (electric stove, laundry equipment, refrigeration and miscellaneous appliance division), four manufacturing divisions (chrome products, electric motor, gear and transmittal and stamping division) and six staff offices (finance, engineering, manufacturing, industrial relations, buy and food marketing staff). The staff offices do non have functional authority over the divisional usual managers, who are each prudent for their own divisional personnel. The manufacturing division made approximately 75 percent of their sales to the product division. In addition, the parts made by the manufacturing division is send offed and engineered by the product divisions. Since the eight divisions are pass judgment to act like independent companies, the tra nsfer footings are negotiated amongst themselves. But, if two divisions could not agree on a equipment casualty, they submit the dispute to the finance staff for arbitration. The product division does not have the power to define whether to buy from within the beau monde or from outside. If there was a disagreement with the sourcing, the manufacturing division could appeal to the purchasing staff to reverse the decision.ProblemAt the General Appliance Corporation, the purchasing staffs are the personnel that square up which part would continue to be manufactured within the company (org. chart may need to be revised). When the part is decided to be manufactured internally, the manufacturing division must hold the price at a level the product (purchaser) division could purchase it outside. Currently, the managers do not have the freedom to source and get the alternative that is in their best interest, even though an alternative for sourcing does exist.The three problems that exi st in the company are-Determining a transfer price that includes the extra $0.80 per unit spent on developing the sun exclude(prenominal) quality standards. Also, the arbitration perpetration should determine whether the appearance is a subjective or objective matter.-An unembellished capacity (supply is greater than demand) ca apply a temporarydecrease in the selling price.-The standard price used for calculations of the total cost, bread and proposed price is determined from the price given in a competitors proposal this is not a definite price.Investment Centres dont know when to produce or when to outsource (what role does innovation or engineering for lower costs play?)For each case, calculate if its better to outsource or manufactureArbitration committee which considers all staff functionsDo something quick fast (cheap) and easy to doAnalysisStove Top Problem Survey has shown that the companys character as a producer of quality products has deteriorated, and resulted in the plate Products Division implementing quality improvements to the stove excel. Chrome has proposed to increase the price of the stove top by $0.90 $0.80 represents the additional costs of quality improvements and a $0.10 profit mark-up.The voltaic Stove Division does not see the improvements as necessary channels since there is no change in engineering specifications, the changes made were never requested or approved, consumers may not even posting or want the change, and believes that the improvements made pull up stakes only bring the quality level of the stove tops to the competitors level. Ultimately, Electric Stove sees these quality changes as being more subjective or else than objective. The engineering section of the manufacturing staff has verified that the new improvements were of superior quality then of their competitors and the costs were reasonably allocated.Thermostatic stop Problem Electric Motor Division has been able to consistently reduce the price of the thermostatic authorisation units to mirror the price of Monson binds Corp. from $3.00 in 1984 to $2.40 in 1987. Monson has decided to further reduce their price to $2.15, which according to the general manager of Electric Motor Division, would result in selling at a loss rather than a profit. The GM believes that they are just as efficient as Monson, therefore Monson must be selling at a loss at $2.15. Laundry Equipment and the infrigidation Division both film a total of 120 000 units for their division (100 000 units for Laundry and 2 000 units for Refrigeration).Refrigeration has made an agreement with Electric Motor thatthey will be able to competitively source to the lowest bidder, in this case, Monson for $2.15. Laundry Equipment believes that for much(prenominal) a large order, they could probably obtain a lower price than $2.40 if they were to outsource. In reviewing this dispute, the Finance ply stated that there was excess capacity in the market that results i n soft prices. The purchasing staff believed that Refrigeration could purchase their requirements at $2.15 for the adjoining year but if the corporations orders were all place externally, the price would rise to $2.40 through increase in demand or limited supply.Considering the 120 000 units of thermostatic control that is unavoidable by both the Laundry Equipment and the Refrigeration Division, and the fact that their requirement is large enough to increase Monsons price of $2.15 to $2.40, General App. will have to outsource and purchase from within. Assuming that the more units General App. outsources, the price will gradually increase due to the increase in demand.The best combination of outsourcing and purchasing from within would be to outsource 60 000 units at an estimated price of $2.25 and purchase 60 000 units internally for $2.40. This would cost the organization $279 000, a savings between $1 000 and $9 000. The average price per unit is $2.325, less than the cost of th e market price if the required slew was entirely outsourced. It is also less then purchasing the entire volume internally. This would result in Laundry Equipment saving $7 500 and costing $3 500 to Refrigeration as oppose to purchasing their required volume at $2.15.Transmission Problem Laundry Equipment has antecedently entered into an agreement with Thorndike Machining Corp to purchase one-half of its transmission for 10 years. Two years before the ending of the agreement, General App. decided to manufacture their own transmissions to extend their capacity. Thorndike proposed a price reduction of $0.50 consistently for the next two years with a new economy transmission unit at a price of $10. The Gear and Transmission Division estimates that they can replicate a comparable model of the economy transmission at a competitive price of $9. The Gear and Transmission Divisions proposal failed to eliminate the cost of design features of $0.50 per unit. This would bring the proposed to talunit cost for GT from $11.66 to $11.11. This error makes Thorndikes proposed price of $11.21 appear more favourable.BibliographyAnthony, Robert N., and Vijay Govindarajan. Management Control Systems. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2000.

English And Vietnamese Prepositions Contrastive Analysis Cultural Studies Essay

side And Vietnamese Prepositions Contrastive Analysis Cultural Studies Es hypothecatePrepositions argon give voices utilize to connect nouns or noun structures to different structures in a fate. They survive in both incline and Vietnamese terminology systems. However, prepositions pretend different characteristics and usage in each language. The enforce of prepositions whitethorn ca enjoyment a good deal of trouble for Vietnamese sight when learning slope and vice versa. therefore, this paper aims at analyzing English and Vietnamese prepositions in a contrastive view, especially in masking hireion and location so that leaners back end find it easier to learn them. This paper withal supplies some implications for instruct prepositions which stack be useful for those who education English or Vietnamese. Through these implications, I hope that they can help teachers cut how to help students use prepositions correctly and appropriately.Literature ReviewPrepositions i n EnglishDefinitionAccording to Oxford Advanced Learners dictionary, a preposition is a word or group of words utilize before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, condemnation or method. Another definition is that a preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation of a noun or a noun substitute to some other words in the sentence (the squirrel in the tree the preposition in shows the relationship amongst the squirrel and the tree.) (Prepositions definition and usage, n.d). From these definitions, we can come to a finishing active the function of a preposition which is it is used to connect nouns and noun structures with other structures in a sentence. Prepositions that we often use in everyday life are with, at, by, to, in, for, from, of, on. It is estimated that these prepositions make up for ninety percent of preposition usage.The part pastime a preposition is called its object. The object of a preposition can be a noun, a pronoun, a gerund or a noun clause. For example, we countenancea noun We gave a fork over to oursecretaries.apronoun We gave a present tothem.agerund We thought aboutgivinga present to them.anoun clause We thought about giving a presentto whoever worked for us.(Lougheed, n.d)FormPrepositions are often in one-word habitus however, there are also other prepositions with more than one word. They are made up with two or three words. For example, we have on behalf of, in front of, in accordance with, in line with, in relation to and so on. Another form is called prepositional phrase. Prepositional phrases are groups of words that begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun. both(prenominal) phrases are used commonly and in a number of situations such as acting as an adjectiveor anadverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened. (Prepositions Locator in time and place, n.d). Examples of these prepositional phrases a re out of work, at any rate, by means of, in person, under orders, from now on and so forth. Besides, there are some called bare(a) prepositions which are verbal in forms, such as concerning, considering, including, pending and more.UsagePrepositions are used with a lot of functions including time, location, manner, means, quantity, purpose, and take or condition. Regarding to prepositions of time, there are some prepositions like at, on, in, from, since, for, during, to, till/until, after, afterwards, by.before and so forth. For example, we have at six oclock, on Monday or in the evening. Another usage of prepositions is to show location. Some exit to this category are in,at,on,next to,beside, behind,in front of,opposite,near,on top of,under,above and so on. For example, Jonelives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham, She lives in Durham or Mary is sitting next to me. Prepositions of movement include from,to,at,into,out of,towards,on,onto,across,through,around,along,up. For instance, he ran out of the way of life or Mary run towards the walls. Other usages are listed below.Means or agentby He was hit by a ball.from His success results from minute planning .in He takes pleasure in it.on They live on bread and water.with He chased the mongoose with a stick.Mannerby By doing it yourselfin He left in confusion.like He looks like a hero.on I swear it on my word of honor.with He ate it with a fork.State or conditionat My friend is at work.by They are by themselvesin He is in a state of confusionon He is on duty (scheduled to work).for I mistook you for someone else.as I guarantee her as a good person. Quantity or mesurefor We drove for twenty miles.by We bought them by the kiloPurposefor He bought it for an emergency.She went to the city for sightseeing.He loved her for her thoughtfulness.(Prepositions definition and usage, n.d)Vietnamese PrepositionsDefinition worry English, Vietnamese also has a category of word which is similar to prepositions. We may call this cat egory Vietnamese equivalent of English preposition. To make it simple, some the great unwashed prefer to use the name preposition. Nevertheless, the notion preposition in Vietnamese is a quite complicated issue because some linguists have claimed that prepositions do not exist in Vietnamese. Yet, according to Tuc (2003), although the distinction between prepositions and serial verbs in Vietnamese is not al shipway clear-cut, Vietnamese prepositions do exist (p.69). In his book, he also gave many examples to prove his opinion. Moreover, nowadays, in many books of teaching Vietnamese for foreigners, the name preposition is often used. Therefore, to be convenient, the name Vietnamese preposition is used for equivalent of English preposition in Vietnamese in this paper.Types of prepositions in VietnameseAccording to Tran (2007) there are two main types of preposition in Vietnamese prepositions of time and location. In addition, there are some other prepositions called miscellaneous ones . Prepositions of time are vo (in, on, at), trong or sut (during), trc (before), sau (after), k t khi (since) and cho ti khi (until). In terms of prepositions of location, there are trn (on, above, over), trong (in, inside), chung quanh (around), bn phi (on the right of), cnh (next to) and so on. Finally, miscellaneous prepositions conclude cho (for), vi (with), v (about), nh (thanks to), bi (by) and so forth. here are some examples about how these prepositions are used in sentences. Their usage in Vietnamese is similar to in English.TimeTi thng dy vo su gi sng (I usually get up at six am)Trong ba tic c y khng ni g c. (She said nothing during the party)LocationBn ti sng Si Gn (My friend lives in Saigon)Vin bo tng nm bn phi tim sch c (The museum is located on the right of the used bookstore)MiscellaneousLi y ngi vi ti (Come and sit with me)Nh mua hoa cho ti nh. (Remember to buy flowers for me, OK?)i vi ti, chuyn khng quan trng (That issue doesnt matter to me)(Tran, 2007)Contrast be tween English and Vietnamese prepositionsThe notion preposition is quite an interesting issue. There may be so many things to say if we compare prepositions in English with those in Vietnamese in a large scale. Nonetheless, within this paper, I only make a contrast between English and Vietnamese prepositions in two aspects prepositions of movement with guiding verbs and locative prepositions because they often cause problems for Vietnamese people when learning English and vice versa.Prepositions of movement with directional verbsThe first difference between English and Vietnamese prepositions is related to directional verbs. In English, directional verbs like come, go and arrive cannot take direct objects. This means they must have a preposition (or a prepositional phrase), bare particle or deictic verbial (bare noun phrase adverb). Since prepositions are being discussed in this paper, the examples with bare particle and deictic verbial are not mentioned. Here are the examples of d irectional verbs with prepositionsSally has gonetoNew York.Catrin will cometoSheffield next month.They arrived at the airport.(Vietnamese online grammar,n.d)In Vietnamese, by contrast, there is no need to use prepositions with these directional verbs because these verbs can take direct objects by themselves. We have these examplesTun trc c i Lun n (Last week she went to London)Bao gi c y nh sang Vit Nam? (When does she intend to come to Vietnam?)My.bay xung phi-trng Lin-khang. (The plane landed at Lien khang airport)(Vietnamese online grammar,n.d)Actually, in Vietnamese, there is no preposition which is similar to preposition to in English. The verb n (reach, arrive at) is used instead as the following examplesTi khng c thi gi i (n) bu inI dont have time to go to the post-officeLocative prepositionsIn English, space prepositions state the location of an object without paying management to the position of the speakers. For example, English people often say the plane is in the sky, t he child is playing in the kitchen, cars run in the street. (McCarty, Prez, Torres-Guzman,To, Watahomigie, 2004, p. 150). On the contrary, in Vietnamese, people tend to consider the position of the speakers. They say my bay trn tri (the plane is above him or her), a tr ang chi trong nh bp (the child is inside the kitchen), nhng chic xe hi chy ngoi ng (cars are outside). Therefore, preposition in can be translated three ways into Vietnamese with three different meanings trn, trong, ngoi.In addition, Tran (2010) mentioned several differences between English and Vietnamese prepositions in terms of semantics and pragmatics. First, when describing the higher position, they take the contact meaning between trajector (i tng nh v) and landmark (i tng qui chiu) into consideration.For example, they distinguish the meaning of on, above and over. Meanwhile, Vietnamese people almost do not pay attention to this aspect. They just use the only word trn. Second, when lecture about the relation b etween above (trn) and under (di), English people are always mindful of whether or not trajector (i tng nh v) is in the vertical reference (vng quy chiu thng ng) of the landmarks (i tng qui chiu) area. That is the reason wherefore they have these words above / over / on and under / below / beneath. In contrast, Vietnamese people only devide the space into two part above/under (trn/di).To indicate the spunk position, English has in the middle of / between (for 2 objects) and among (for 3 objects and more) while Vietnamese use the word gia for all these cases. Examples of this kind are summarized in the table below.NotionEnglish prepositionsVietnamese prepositionsTRONGin, insidetrongNGOIout, outside, out ofngoiTRNon, upon,above,on top of, over,atopTrnDIunder, underneath, beneath, belowdiTRCbefore,in front of, ahead of, precedingtrcSAUbehind, following, at the back of (br), in the back of (ame)SauBNby, near, next to, close to, beside, alongside, to the right/leftbn, cnh, st, gn, k, bn phi, bn triGIAwithin, among, between, in the middle of, in the midst ofgia(Tran, 2010)Implications for teaching aft(prenominal) having contrasted English and Vietnamese prepositions in two aspects as above, I would like to mention the implications for teaching English at high school in our country.Since learners tend to translate everything into their mother tongue, teachers should be very careful when teaching English, especially prepositions. They need to realize that there is no exact one-to-one translation from English to Vietnamese and vice versa. Referring to the discussion prepositions with directional verbs, we know that when translating a sentence from English to Vietnamese or Vietnamese to English, sometimes we may add or omit the prepositions. For instance, we may not use preposition to with directional verbs in Vietnamese. Moreover, as discussed in the section Locative prepositions above, we can realize that a Vietnamese preposition may have several prepositions which are equivalent to them in English. Therefore, teachers should ask learners to take notice of this issue and know when to use the most appropriate preposition. In sum, to make sure the exact preposition is used, learners should observe how a preposition is used in a certain context. They should not translate directly using prepositions in their language since prepositions can be used differently in different language.Moreover, the difference between Vietnamese and English prepositions is in the main due to semantics and the notion of reference (quan nim quy chiu), so it is vital that teachers have comely knowledge of these fields to explain to students completely. Culture difference and the habit of using prepositions in each language are also the things that teachers should bear in mind. If teachers are very careful about these things, students may ignore making mistakes when using prepositions.ConclusionIn conclusion, preposition is an interesting category in linguistics. There are so many things to discuss about preposition. However, sometimes learners may feel confused about how to use prepositions correctly, especially when Vietnamese prepositions have something different from English prepositions. That is the reason why learners often make mistakes when dealing with prepositions. A contrastive analysis in this area is necessary and important because it shows difference between English and Vietnamese prepositions in relation to direction and location. Directional and locative prepositions are the ones that often causes trouble to students more than other types. After having contrasted them, we can see that English prepositions are more complex than those in Vietnamese. Moreover, the search also suggest some implications for teaching prepositions in Vietnamese high school, so I hope that this research paper will be a piece of useful referent material for those who are interested in teaching a language aspect, particularly preposition.

Pace Leisurewear Ltd Case Study

cubic yard Leisurewear Ltd Case StudyAn integrated approach with effective administ symmetryn, adequate financing and capable human resourcefulness may authorise a business organisation towards the path of goal attainment. Disinteg ration among these elements may lead towards its own demise sooner or later. Pace Leisurewear Ltd is a companionship that designs and manufactures the casual and leisure uniform aimed particularly at the younger, blueer-income market. It was established by Jill Dempsey and Mike Greaves, who atomic number 18 the Managing Director and Production Manager of the company respectively.By observing the case study of this company, we know that the company is in trouble beca character the letter from the companys depose was asking it for the reduction in the overdraft. This letter from the bank has do them worried because if they green goddesst keep up the overdraft, they will not be able to fulfil the openhanded order by Arena, which was one of the som e(prenominal) national chains of casual and sportswear stores that was placing substantial orders with Pace. It shows that they were facing liquidity problem. A general prognosis of the case study putting aside the financial statements provides us with some other difficulties that the company was facing. merchandise of the company during the recession stoppage was a problem. Moreover, recession itself was a problem for the company. Though it was a big company, the outpution director Mike was looking after the financial matters. There was no one at heart the company who had any great financial expertise. When there was a problem, the companys auditors were normally asked for advice. The company is facing despicable cash situation as conveyed by Mike Greaves which might be result of their expenditure on fixed assets like plant. Declaration of no further dowerment in the company by the largest shareowner Keeble States also came as a shock to the company when there was a hope th at Keeble States would invest money and they would be able to issue overdraft. Also, an indifference of the largest shareholder in the affair of the company faecal matter be regarded as a problem. Such indifference directly affects the operation of company that ultimately, has the effect on financial situation of the company.Breaching of the overdraft limit over the past few twelvemonths by the company functioned as a proof of their dishonesty. Also, we can identify that the company was running a presbyopic with the conflict mingled with the largest shareholder Keeble brothers and the other advance members. The other board members were bringing forth the idea of introducing another major shareholder, which was against the wish of Keeble brothers. So, the company was facing the problem in decision making.A quick look upon the parallelism cruise of the company, overturns us the information that there is a massive increment in the non-current assets. Though investment in the non -current assets is good for the company in the tenacious run, it may cause problem to the company in its mean solar day to day operation. It may create an inadequacy of working capital which is necessary for daily activities. The amount of trade receivables has increased which bodes that the goods are being sold on credit. advisement and Interpretation of Financial ratiosThe income statement and balance sheet are the traditional basic financial statements of a business enterprise. They do not give all the information related to the financial operations of a firm. Still, they provide some extremely effective information to the extent that balance sheet mirrors the financial position on a particular duration in equipment casualty of structures of assets, liabilities and owners equity and others and profit and loss account shows the results operations during a certain period of time in terms of revenues obtained and the cost incurred during the family.In depth analysis of fin ancial statements is supported with ratio-analysis. It is the al nearly widely used technique of financial statement analysis. Ratio analysis is a systematic use of ratio to interpret the financial statements so that the strengths and weaknesses of a firm as wholesome as its historical performance and current financial condition can be determined. Ratios are relative figures reflecting the relationship between variables. A single figure by itself has no meaning but when expressed in terms of related figure, it yields significant inferences. Ratios can be divided into profitability ratio, liquidity ratio and activity ratio.To break the financial statement and condition of the Pace Leisurewear Ltd, the method of ratio analysis is used as a major tool. Here, return on capital utilise, return on equity (shareholders fund), gross profit margin, discharge profit margin, stock holding period, average collection period for trade receivables, sales to capital use ratio, current rati o, quick assets (liquid or acid test) ratio and gear mechanism ratio are used as major tools for the interpretation of business condition and financial statements, though there are other tools for the interpretation. Calculation and interpretation of these ratios provide us with the information about liquidity, profitability and efficiency of the company. The calculation and interpretation of the ratios can be shown as belowCalculationS.N.DescriptionFormulas course of study before stretch forthLast Yeara)Return on Capital Employed=20.05%=29.60%b)Return on Equity=18.15%=32.51%c)Gross gelt boundary line=46.48%=48.16%d)Net Profit Margin=14.99%=20.61%e)Inventory memory Period=117.74 days=182.84 daysf)Average array Period=42.10 days=60.98%g)Sales to Capital Employed=1.34 time=1.44 timesh) accepted Ratio=1.76 times=1.13 timesi)Acid Test Ratio=.78 times=0.47 timesj)Gearing Ratio=34.40%=42.30%Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)ROCE ratio tells us how much profit we earn from the invest ment the shareholders cave in made in their company. If the company has low ROCE ratio, it is using its resources inefficiently, even if its profit margin is high. The higher the ratio the more efficient is the use of capital employed.In context of the Pace Leisurewear Ltd, ROCE ratio was increased in the populate grade than the course of study before last. From the calculation, we got, it was 30% in the last course of instruction whereas it was 20% in the year before last. So, we can say that the company had better performance in the last year than the year before last.Return on EquityThis ratio indicates the profitability to the shareholders of the firm with deduction of all expenses and taxes.In context of this company, the return on equity ratio was increased which is good for the company. It was 32.5% in the last year and 18% in the year before last.Gross Profit MarginIt indicates the efficiency of operations and firms set policies. The larger the gross profit margin, th e better for the company. It looks at how well a company controls the cost of its inventory and manufacturing of its products and subsequently pass on the cost to its customers.From the calculation we fix that the gross profit margin ratio was increased. It was 46.16% in the year before last and 48.16% in the last year which is good for the company.Net Profit MarginThis ratio measures the relationship between net profit and sales of a firm. A high net profit margin in ratio is an indicative of adequate return to the owners as well as enables a firm to withstand adverse economic conditions. A low net profit margin ratio has the opposite implications.From the calculation, we build that the net profit margin ratio was increased. It was 8.91% in the year before last and 13.10% in the last year. It shows that the company was selling well which is good for the company.Inventory Holding PeriodA high number of days inventory indicates that there is lack of demand for the product being sol d whereas a low days inventory holding period may indicate that the company is not keeping enough stock on hand to foregather the demands.It is known from the to a higher place calculation that the inventory holding period for the company in the year before last was 63 days and for the last year it was 95 days. So, this extension in the inventory holding period is a problem for the company which obstructs the path of cash generating.Average Collection Period of Trade ReceivablesThis ratio indicates the look sharp with which debtors/accounts receivables are being collected. A short, collection period implies prompt payment by the debtors. It reduces the chance of severely debts. Similarly, a longer collection period implies too liberal and inefficient credit collection performance.From the calculation, we found that, the collection period for the debtors/accounts receivables for the year before last was 42 days whereas for the last year it was 61 days. So, it indicates that the c ompany was inefficient in its credit collection performance. This delay in the collection of receivables, may have adverse effect in the liquidity position and also there lies possibility of accounts receivables being drear debts.Sales to Capital Employed RatioIt is the ratio which indicates the relationship between the capital employed and sales revenue. The higher the ratio the higher is the revenue, the lower the ratio the lower the revenue.From the calculation, we found that the ratio of capital employed in the year before last was 1.34 times and for the last year it was 1.44 times. It indicates that the Pace Leisurewear Ltd was generating more revenue.Current RatioThe ratio of total current assets to total liabilities is current ratio. It measures the short term solvency, that is, its ability to meet short term obligations. The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its obligations. A ratio under 1 suggests that the company would be unable to pay o ff its obligations if they come due at that point.From the calculation, we found that the current ratio for Pace Leisurewear Ltd in the year before last was 1.761 and for the last year it was 1.441. This ratio indicates that the short-term solvency of the company was getting poorer.Quick Assets ( liquid or acid test) RatioIt is the ratio between quick current assets and current liabilities. It shows a firms ability to meet current liabilities with its most liquid assets. Companies with the ratio less than 1, are supposed to be in vulnerable condition. Such companies are unable to pay their current liabilities, which show the dependency of current assets on inventory.In case of this company, it was found that quick assets ratio was getting weaker. It was 0.781 in the year before last and 0.471 in the last year. It indicates that the company was in difficulty of paying current liabilities. It was even weaker in the last year than the year before last.Gearing RatioThe higher the gearin g, the higher the dependence on borrowing and long term finance. The lower the gearing ratio, the higher the dependence on equity financing.Here, in case of this company, the gearing ratio for the last year was 42.3% and 34.4% for the year before last. It shows that the company had a reliance on sources of long term loan.Conclusion and RecommendationFrom the above calculation and interpretation of the ratio and its analysis based on the two years financial statement of the Pace Leisurewear Ltd, we came to know that the company was facing mainly a liquidity problem. In order to get rid of such financial problem, assuming myself as a member of Drake Management Consultants, would like to recommend that the company should issue the shares, increase the cash sales alternatively than credit sales, collect the trade receivables promptly, decrease the long term liabilities and not exceed the limit of overdraft. Beside this, it postulate to employ a financial expert and develop an environm ent of mutual understanding and trust among the shareholders and board of directors.